<hdr>The World Factbook 1994: Germany<nl>Government</hdr><body>
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<item><hi format=bold>Names:</hi>
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<item>• <hi format=ital>conventional long form:</hi> Federal Republic of Germany
<item>• <hi format=ital>conventional short form:</hi> Germany
<item>• <hi format=ital>local long form:</hi> Bundesrepublik Deutschland
<item>• <hi format=ital>local short form:</hi> Deutschland
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<item><hi format=bold>Digraph:</hi> GM
<item><hi format=bold>Type:</hi> federal republic
<item><hi format=bold>Capital:</hi> Berlin
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<item>• <hi format=ital>note:</hi> the shift from Bonn to Berlin will take place over a period of years with Bonn retaining many administrative functions and several ministries
<item><hi format=bold>Independence:</hi> 18 January 1871 (German Empire unification); divided into four zones of occupation (UK, US, USSR, and later, France) in 1945 following World War II; Federal Republic of Germany (FRG or West Germany) proclaimed 23 May 1949 and included the former UK, US, and French zones; German Democratic Republic (GDR or East Germany) proclaimed 7 October 1949 and included the former USSR zone; unification of West Germany and East Germany took place 3 October 1990; all four power rights formally relinquished 15 March 1991
<item><hi format=bold>National holiday:</hi> German Unity Day (Day of Unity), 3 October (1990)
<item><hi format=bold>Constitution:</hi> 23 May 1949, known as Basic Law; became constitution of the united German people 3 October 1990
<item><hi format=bold>Legal system:</hi> civil law system with indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative acts in the Federal Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
<item><hi format=bold>Suffrage:</hi> 18 years of age; universal
<item><hi format=bold>Executive branch:</hi>
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<item>• <hi format=ital>chief of state:</hi> President Dr. Richard von WEIZSACKER (since 1 July 1984); note—presidential elections were held on 23 May 1994; Roman HERZOG was the winner and will be inaugurated 1 July 1994
<item>• <hi format=ital>head of government:</hi> Chancellor Dr. Helmut KOHL (since 4 October 1982)
<item>• <hi format=ital>cabinet:</hi> Cabinet; appointed by the president upon the proposal of the chancellor
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<item><hi format=bold>Legislative branch:</hi> bicameral chamber (no official name for the two chambers as a whole)
<item><hi format=bold>Federal Assembly (Bundestag):</hi> last held 2 December 1990 (next to be held by 16 October 1994); results—CDU 36.7%, SPD 33.5%, FDP 11.0%, CSU 7.1%, Green Party (West Germany) 3.9%, PDS 2.4%, Republikaner 2.1%, Alliance 90/Green Party (East Germany) 1.2%, other 2.1%; seats—(662 total) CDU 268, CSU 51, SPD 239, FDP 79, PDS 17, Greens/Alliance '90 8; elected by direct popular vote under a system combining direct and proportional representation; a party must win 5% of the national vote or 3 direct mandates to gain representation
<item><hi format=bold>Federal Council (Bundesrat):</hi> State governments are directly represented by votes; each has 3 to 6 votes depending on size and are required to vote as a block; current composition: votes—(68 total) SPD-led states 37, CDU-led states 31
<item><hi format=bold>Judicial branch:</hi> Federal Constitutional Court (Bundesverfassungsgericht)
<item><hi format=bold>Political parties and leaders:</hi> Christian Democratic Union (CDU), Helmut KOHL, chairman; Christian Social Union (CSU), Theo WAIGEL, chairman; Free Democratic Party (FDP), Klaus KINKEL, chairman; Social Democratic Party (SPD), Rudolf SCHARPING, chairman; Alliance '90/Greens, Ludger VOLMER, Marianne BIRTHLER, co-chairmen; Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS), Lothar BISKY, chairman; Republikaner, Franz SCHOENHUBER; National Democratic Party (NPD), Guenter DECKERT; Communist Party (DKP), Rolf PRIEMER
<item><hi format=bold>Other political or pressure groups:</hi> expellee, refugee, and veterans groups